标签： 松江大学城快餐服务

　　BEIJING, Beijing, June 8 (Shang Qi) This year marks the 40th anniversary of the resumption of the college entrance examination system in China. Since 1977, the college entrance examination has influenced and changed the fate of several generations of China people. The gross enrollment rate of higher education has exceeded 40% from less than 2% at first, and is rapidly approaching the 50% popularization index line. Behind the data, how has the college entrance examination influenced and changed China in the past 40 years? 40 years later, what expectations has the college entrance examination been given by this country?

　　The picture shows that in December, 1977, the candidates of the Beijing College Entrance Examination Center communicated with each other. Weng Naiqiang Photo source: vision china

　　the resumption of college entrance examination

　　— — China’s concept of talents is changing.

　　On October 12, 1977, the State Council approved the Opinions on the Enrollment of Colleges and Universities in 1977 formulated by the Ministry of Education, which stipulated the new enrollment policy of colleges and universities, namely, abolishing the recommendation system, resuming the cultural examination, and selecting the best students.

　　This year, the slogan of "respecting knowledge and talents" took root in China. Li Muzhou, director of the Institute of Higher Education of Hubei University School of Education, has studied the examination system in China for many years. In an interview with a reporter from Zhongxin. com (WeChat WeChat official account: cns2012), he said that at the national level, the resumption of the college entrance examination 40 years ago is to show that the country attaches importance to talents and reconstructs the concept of talents.

　　He explained, "the resumption of the college entrance examination has confirmed the basic role of cultural knowledge and intellectual factors in the selection of talents in colleges and universities. This is a major change in the concept of national talents, and it can also be said that it is the correct return of the concept of national talents."

　　Education in China experienced a "warm winter" in 1977. According to statistics, at the end of that year, about 5.7 million young people "returned" to the college entrance examination, and colleges and universities selected 273,000 students, which greatly improved the quality of freshmen.

　　Over the past 40 years, college students selected through the college entrance examination have gone to various fields in China in batches. They witnessed and participated in the whole process of reform and opening up, and gradually became the backbone to promote the development of this country.

　　Recently, Liu Haifeng, member of the National Education Advisory Committee and director of the Examination Research Center of Xiamen University, wrote that since the resumption of the college entrance examination for 40 years, millions of qualified students have been selected for colleges and universities through fair competition in the college entrance examination, and many of them have become the backbone of all walks of life through training. China’s rapid economic development in recent years is inseparable from the recovery and continuous reform of the college entrance examination system.

　　The picture shows a collector in Zhengzhou showing his collection of a 1988 college entrance examination admission ticket. Image source: vision china

　　40 years of practice

　　— — From elite education to mass education

　　"The college entrance examination has different meanings for people of different ages." Li Muzhou told Zhongxin.com that before the reform and opening up, the college entrance examination was largely about selecting national cadres. After the resumption of the college entrance examination, with the reform and opening up, the employment of college graduates gradually shifted from planned distribution to market competition, and more and more college graduates began to choose their own jobs.

　　As experts have said, in the past 40 years, with the changes in the country’s economic and social environment, the college entrance examination itself has also undergone changes. In 1999, the Ministry of Education issued the Opinions on Further Deepening the Reform of the Entrance Examination System in Colleges and Universities, and announced the national college entrance examination reform plan, which opened the prelude to the college entrance examination reform in this period. Since then, self-enrollment, self-proposition by province, and parallel volunteer admission have been explored one after another, and the recruitment methods of colleges and universities in China are more diverse.

　　Also in 1999, higher education in China began to expand the enrollment scale, and the admission rate of college entrance examination also began to rise sharply. According to statistics, from 1998 to 2005, the number of applicants for college entrance examination in China increased by 11.58% annually, and the number of college entrance examinations increased by 23.75% annually. By 2015, the number of students enrolled in higher education in China has reached 37 million, ranking first in the world.

　　According to China Education Online’s 2017 Survey Report, under the background that the total enrollment of college entrance examination has remained stable, the enrollment ratio of college entrance examination in all parts of the country has continued to increase. Among them, the gross enrollment rate of higher education has crossed 40%, rapidly approaching the popularization index line of 50%.

　　Compared with the gross enrollment rate of 1.55% in 1978, some people think that higher education in China has gradually moved from "elite education" to "mass education".

　　Li Muzhou said that higher education will enter the stage of popularization in the future, and the improvement of the popularization rate is conducive to the overall improvement of national literacy. He believes that "the future lies not in whether you have attended a university, but in what university you have attended, and this influence may be even greater."

　　The picture shows that on July 7, 1999, on the first day of the national unified entrance examination for colleges and universities in China, the candidates who took the examination walked out of the examination room. China News Service reporter Liu Kegeng photo

　　Knowledge changes fate.

　　— — Social strata circulate in relative fairness.

　　From "elite education" to "mass education", behind the overall improvement of the popularization rate, the educational equity behind the college entrance examination has always attracted public attention.

　　Last year, Bian Yanjie, dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences of Xi ‘an Jiaotong University and sociologist, presided over a report entitled "Career Opportunities for Rural College Students". According to media reports, all the target samples of the survey came from the existing labor force in the city and were divided into six groups: the first three received higher education, namely, urban college students, rural college students and non-transfer college students; The last three have not yet received higher education, including the general urban labor force, rural-to-non labor force and migrant workers.

　　According to the report, for college students from rural areas to urban areas, they have the same opportunities to work in party and government organs and state-owned enterprises, and they also have the same opportunities to engage in elite occupations, with similar economic income levels, while the three types of non-college students mainly engage in non-elite occupations.

　　Li Muzhou told the reporter of Zhongxin.com that the urbanization process in China is very fast, but the rural population still accounts for the vast majority. Therefore, the college entrance examination provides them with an important way to change their destiny through higher education.

　　The "Implementation Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Examination Enrollment System" issued in September 2014 clearly stated that the number of rural students attending key universities should be increased, and the national special plan for targeted enrollment in rural poverty-stricken areas should continue to be implemented, and key universities should target targeted enrollment in poverty-stricken areas.

　　The opinion also made it clear that subordinate universities and provincial key universities should arrange a certain proportion of places to recruit outstanding rural students from remote, poor and ethnic minority areas. In 2017, the number of rural students entering key universities in poverty-stricken areas increased significantly, forming a long-term mechanism to ensure rural students to attend key universities.

　　The picture shows the end of the first exam of the 2017 college entrance examination. Outside a test center in Nanning, Guangxi, parents snapped the candidates like "walking the red carpet". Yu Jing photo

　　Changes and Invariance of College Entrance Examination in the Future

　　— — Do you still believe in "one exam will fix you for life"?

　　In recent years, whenever there is a college entrance examination, there will be doubts about the disadvantages of the college entrance examination in public opinion, such as "a thousand troops crossing the wooden bridge", "one exam will set you for life" and "the baton of the college entrance examination".

　　As for the current examination enrollment system in China, the above-mentioned "Implementation Opinions of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Examination Enrollment System" also points out that the examination enrollment system in China is generally in line with the national conditions, authoritative and fair, and is recognized by the society. However, there are also some problems that are strongly reflected by the society. The main reason is that the score theory affects the all-round development of students, and the students’ learning burden is too heavy. There are gaps in enrollment opportunities between regions and urban and rural areas, and the phenomenon of cheating extra points and illegal enrollment occurs from time to time.

　　Nowadays, the scale of high school graduates studying abroad in China is increasing. It is pointed out by some voices that the growing number of students studying abroad also reflects from one side that parents and students in China are "voting with their feet" in the face of the college entrance examination.

　　"This will force the reform of the domestic college entrance examination system." Li Muzhou said that the foreign enrollment system has its advantages, such as multiple examinations, rich and flexible subject design, and relatively strong autonomy of colleges and universities … … These are problems that have not been completely solved in China’s college entrance examination system.

　　In fact, the practice of the college entrance examination in the past 40 years has not remained unchanged. Qu Zhenyuan, president of China Higher Education Society, pointed out to the media that in recent years, all aspects of college entrance examination enrollment have been reformed, including examination subjects, examination contents, examination times, examination methods, scoring methods, proposition methods, voluntary reporting methods, admission system, college entrance examination time, and charging system, and almost no aspect has not been tried or touched.

　　The latest changes have appeared in this year’s college entrance examination. These days, high school graduates in Shanghai and Zhejiang are welcoming the first "new college entrance examination". The results of the college entrance examination are composed of three unified college entrance examination scores of Chinese, mathematics and foreign languages, and three students’ self-selected examination subjects. The foreign language test is changed from once a year to twice a year, and you can choose a better score to be included in the total score of the college entrance examination.

　　Chu Zhaohui, a researcher at China Academy of Educational Sciences, said in an interview with Zhongxin.com that the reform of the college entrance examination enrollment system will be in a period of fluctuation in the coming period, and the key to the reform of the college entrance examination is to implement more professional evaluation.

　　He said, "The current examination system can achieve good results through a lot of training, and the actual test results are relatively distorted. As a professional education evaluation, the influence of intensive training on the test results should be eliminated as much as possible."

　　Li Muzhou hopes that through the reform of system design, the situation of "one exam will be fixed for life" will be changed.

　　"For example, let students have multiple exams and even multiple admissions opportunities, and further strengthen the separation of recruitment. Colleges and universities should study their own school-running orientation, formulate examination plans that meet their freshmen’s characteristics, and gradually break the people’s inherent understanding of the college entrance examination." He said.

　　Obviously, 40 years later, the college entrance examination still carries the heavy expectations of this country. (End)

If the joint venture car companies 40 years ago were to achieve "market-for-technology", then the new joint venture era is to achieve "technology-for-market" and reverse export Chinese technology, and even brands. Take Changan as an example, the EZ-6, a pure electric/range-extended new energy B-class car launched by the joint venture, provides a good research model for how the joint venture can break through in the existing market environment.

Forty years ago, China agreed to set up foreign joint ventures in China, with the fundamental focus being – market for technology, which means opening up the huge Chinese mainland market to foreign investment in order to obtain foreign car companies to help China improve its automobile development capabilities, including learning from foreign advanced manufacturing and management experience.

After 40 years, the market environment has undergone tremendous changes. Chinese car companies represented by BYD and Geely have achieved remarkable results in capital operation, supply chain vertical management, core technology development, etc., and have made rapid progress in Sandian and intelligent development. Chinese car companies have also changed from the role of "little brothers" in the past to a new force that all foreign car companies dare not underestimate, even "leaders". Auto giants such as Ford are lamenting: "They are ahead of us."

Between the above advances and retreats, on the one hand, China’s local brands have become stronger and bigger, achieving "brand spillover", on the one hand, the share of foreign brands in the country has shrunk, and the voice over has weakened, which has caused the competitiveness of joint venture car companies to decline, and led to a topic:How can joint venture car companies respond to market changes? Are they losing ground or even withdrawing from the Chinese market, or are they shrinking their front line and actively transforming?

The terrified Ford CEO

And the aggressive Mazda president

The Wall Street Journal published an article on September 14 local time, "What is Ford CEO scared of in China?", the article said that after visiting China, Ford Motor CEO Jim Farley told the company’s board members that Chinese automakers are moving at the speed of light, the artificial intelligence and other technologies used in cars are completely different from existing technologies in the United States, and these Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers that provide smooth digital functions are using low-cost supply chains to beat competitors on price and aggressively expand into overseas markets.

"In just a few short years, Chinese electric carmakers such as BYD have wrested significant domestic market share from once dominant foreign competitors through low prices, high-tech interiors and rapid iterations of vehicles. Now, the Chinese carmaker is rapidly expanding into Europe, the Middle East and other Asian markets," the article said.

After Mr. Farley and a group of Ford executives took a test drive of Changan on the test track, everyone was stunned by the technological advancements of their partner, Changan – a smooth and quiet ride with a high-end, tech-savvy and easy-to-use interior. "Jim, it’s completely different," John Lawler, Ford’s chief financial officer, told Mr. Farley after the test drive. "They’re ahead of us."

Mazda executives share the same feelings as Ford executives. Deng Zhitao, executive vice president of Changan Mazda Automobile Co., told the author: "The president of Mazda Mao Long came to China on the second day of his tenure, and this year’s Beijing Auto Show came to the scene to release the EZ-6. At the Beijing Auto Show, Mazda’s parent company sent about 200 people to conduct a comprehensive research and analysis on the competition and changes of new energy in China, which shows that Mazda’s parent company attaches unprecedented importance to the Chinese market. Without high-frequency communication, it is difficult for foreign parties to understand the changes in the Chinese market."

Deng Zhitao, Executive Vice President of Changan Mazda Automobile Co., Ltd.

Regarding the changes in awareness of the Ford and Mazda brands, Deng Zhitao, executive vice president of Changan Mazda Automobile Co., Ltd., commented:"The leadership of the Mazda brand is very determined and enlightened to transition to electrification, so embrace new things quickly. Ford is also making changes to electrification, but the speed needs to be accelerated."

Changan Mazda Model:

The "New Joint Venture Model" of Receivism

In the current context of accelerating the intelligentization of domestic automobiles, joint ventures are facing the dilemma of failure to advance and retreat. There are even opinions that under the impact of China’s local market, most joint ventures will withdraw from the Chinese market. Is there really no market outlet for joint venture car companies?

Objectively, most joint venture car companies are not fully prepared when dealing with this wave of changes, and the parent companies of Chinese and foreign parties also lack sufficient organizational resources to allow the joint venture to achieve transformation. In the fields of three power and intelligence, foreign parties do not have accumulated and technological advantages, and many Chinese investors may not have much strength. Even if the latter has technical advantages, deep cooperation cannot be realized because the two sides have not reached a sufficient consensus.

As the saying goes, it’s easy to turn around, and it’s not the big Macs like Toyota and Volkswagen, GM and Ford that are rapidly transforming and "blossoming" in this regard, but Mazda from Japan. Why? This may come from Mazda’s sense of crisis and recognition of China’s advantages.

Mazda has a deep foundation in the field of traditional car manufacturing, while Changan Automobile has been deeply cultivated in the fields of Sandian and intelligence for many years, and both have their own advantages. At the dawn of the new joint venture era, Changan Mazda, as a joint venture, gives full play to the advantageous resources given by both shareholders to achieve a strong alliance.

Deng Zhitao said: "Mazda highly recognizes the position and technology of Changan’s parent company in the field of Sandian. This time, the EZ-6 product also uses Changan’s Sandian technology and architecture in an all-round way. At the same time, Changan’s parent company also recognizes Mazda’s capabilities in design, control, quality, and safety. Therefore, during the design and development of the EZ-6, we were divided into three teams, namely Changan’s team, Mazda’s team, and Changan Mazda’s team. Each team has clear responsibilities. For example, in terms of control, design, quality and craftsmanship, it is led by the Mazda team. In terms of Sandian Intelligence, Changan’s team is responsible for the final acceptance. It can be said that the EZ-6 is a product produced under the high recognition and high compatibility of our parent companies.

It can be said that Changan Mazda’s flexible and pragmatic operating mechanism has played a huge advantage: compared with other joint venture brands, Changan Mazda is more flexible; and compared with new car manufacturers, Mazda has played an advantage in design and quality control.It can be said that Changan Mazda reflects the flexible mechanism and efficient operation of the new joint venture era, which can be understood as "Mazda’s brand advantage + Changan Automobile’s new technology empowerment"; in this way, the joint venture can not only continue to play the advantages of foreign capital in vehicle manufacturing, but also play to China’s late-mover advantages in new technologies such as intelligence, and achieve vertical integration of the supply chain, accelerate product launch, timely adjustment and optimization, and rapid iteration.

Deng Zhitao gave an example: "From the supply chain level, the EZ-6 uses many excellent domestic supply chains. For example, the EZ-6 battery originated from the Ningde era, and it is a 3C battery, including the zero-gravity seat. In the field of joint venture new energy, there are also few products that can be equipped with double zero-gravity seats, including the range-extending battery used by AVIC Plaza. The battery cells of AVIC Plaza are also fully 3C-level. In the future, OTA upgrades will continue to be carried out, adding intelligent assisted driving such as automatic off-ramp. At present, our intelligent driving system should be the latest and best research results of Changan Institute of Science and Technology."

Sample significance of EZ-6:

The "first battle" of joint venture new energy transformation

At a time when Changan and Mazda have reached a consensus to actively promote the transformation of Changan Mazda, the Chinese market has become the first choice to test the new joint venture and its products. If the market sells well and achieves initial success, then you can go overseas to participate in international competition. On the contrary, if you fail to succeed in the Chinese market and fail to return, then this new joint venture model will face severe tests and questions from the outside world: Can you do it?

When it comes to this topic, Deng Zhitao’s expression is very serious: "We believe that the Chinese market must be a very important core market for developing a global product. At present, there may be more car brands in the Chinese market than any other car market in the world. So if the Chinese market is’not good ‘, I believe it will not be able to compete in the future global market. This is what I call the’spillover’ of the Chinese auto market. The fierce competition in the Chinese market is now expanding to the global scale, and it may become more intense next year. Therefore, the spillover of competition will form a strong global effect. When we develop the EZ-6, we hope to first do a good job in the Chinese market. If the domestic market can do well, I believe we can also do well in the global competition in the future."

"We must first do a good job in the Chinese market. If the Chinese market is not good, let alone the global market. If the joint venture wants to deal with the competition of domestic independent brands in the future, the Chinese market is the bridgehead; how to compete well in the Chinese market. How to do a good job in upgrading and iterating technology is very critical for Changan Mazda," Deng Zhitao said.

Once the first battle of the EZ-6 is successful, then the process of the experience accumulated in the development process of this product will be continuously reproduced on the subsequent models of Changan Mazda. "Through the EZ-6 product, a team will be formed to precipitate a set of processes. The so-called process, I think, is the methodology in the product development process and the entire Quality Standard and acceptance system. Through the precipitation of the entire process system, in the future, on our second, third and fourth products, we will use Changan Mazda’s process to manage the development of the current product." Deng Zhitao added.

At this year’s Beijing Auto Show, the relevant person in charge of MIIT visited the Changan Mazda booth and gave a high evaluation of the MAZDA EZ-6 product. The relevant person in charge pointed out: "In the process of new energy development, you can’t build cars behind closed doors. I hope other domestic joint venture brands can learn from Changma; if the EZ-6 product can have a good performance in sales, whether it is for the development of the entire industry, the parent company of both parties, the local government, and the country, it has played a positive and exemplary role. In the past, the joint venture model was based on the market for technology, which also drove the rapid development of the automobile industry chain. It can be said that enterprises cultivate the industry chain, such as Tesla and Apple. In the future, we also hope that the domestic automotive industry chain system can also feed back the enterprise and provide better’nutrition ‘for the development of the enterprise, so as to form the’flower’ of the joint venture brand. "

From the perspective of the EZ-6 product, it reflects not only the traditional inherent value of the joint venture brand (derived from Mazda), but also the innovative value of the new joint venture era (such as range extension technology and intelligent driving technology, derived from Changan Automobile).

The biggest market opportunity for joint venture car companies to launch new energy models is that some users have both brand requirements for the product, and hope that it can match the products of their own brands in terms of electrification and intelligence. EZ-6 products have their own market opportunity points similar to "Tianji horse racing". When competing with joint venture competitors on the same stage, its performance in three electricity and intelligence will give them extra points. Compared with the same level of independent brand models, Mazda’s vehicle mechanical quality and quality sense, reliability and comparative advantages.

Users want both, and joint venture new energy products are both available. Can the two resonate at the same frequency?

Sichuan Provincial People’s Government

Notice on the Appointment and Removal of Deng Chao and Other Positions

Chuanfu Letter [2024] No. 103

Municipal (prefecture) people’s governments, provincial government departments, and agencies directly under them:

The Sichuan Provincial People’s Government has decided to:

Appointment:

Deng Chao is the director of the Sichuan Provincial Energy Bureau;

Huang Zhi is the full-time deputy director of the Sichuan Provincial Railway and Airport Construction Office and the deputy director of the Sichuan Provincial Development and Reform Commission.

exempt:

Liang Wuhu’s position as director of the Sichuan Provincial Energy Bureau;

Deng Chao held the positions of full-time deputy director of the Sichuan Provincial Railway and Airport Construction Office and deputy director of the Sichuan Provincial Development and Reform Commission;

Huang Zhi is the full-time deputy director of the Sichuan Provincial Implementation Western Development Office (Sichuan Panxi Regional Resource Development Office).

Hereby inform.

Sichuan Provincial People’s Government

April 7, 2024